September 10, 2012

NAME REACTIONS - SUMMARY


S. No
Name of
reaction
Starting
Material
Reagent and
other conditions
Application /
Use
1
Haloform Reaction
Compounds containing
CH3CHOH – or CH3CO – group
Halogen (X2) + NaOH or KOH
Haloform
2
Saponification Reaction
Oil or Fat or Ester
Alkali
(NaOH or KOH)
Glycerol + Soap
3
a) Simple Cannizzaro Reaction
2 moles of aldehydes not having α-H atom
Concentrated aqueous alkali (NaOH or KOH)
Alcohol + Acid
b) Crossed Cannizzaro Reaction
2 different Aldehydes not having α-H atom
4
Dow’s
Process
Chlorobenzene, C6H5Cl + NaOH
623 K;
300 atm
Phenol
5
Schotten - Baumann Reaction
a) Phenol + Benzoyl chloride, C6H5COCl
Alkali (NaOH)
Phenyl benzoate
b) Aniline + Benzoyl chloride, C6H5COCl
Alkali (NaOH)
Benzanilide
6
Williamson’s Synthesis
a) RX + Sodium alkoxide, RONa
Heat
Aliphatic Ethers
b) RX + Sodium phenoxide , ArONa
Heat
Aromatic / Phenolic Ethers
7
Diazo Coupling Reaction or
Coupling Reaction
a) Benzene diazonium salt, C6H5N2+X- + Phenol 
Alkali;
273 K
Azo dyes
b) Benzene diazonium salt, C6H5N2+X-  + Aniline 
Acid;
273 K
Azo dyes
8
Kolbe - Schmidt or Kolbe’s Reaction
Phenol
CO2 (NaOH),
403 K;
5 – 7 atm
Salicylic acid
9
Riemer -Tiemann Reaction
a) Phenol
CHCl3 +
NaOH
Salicylaldehyde
b) Phenol
CCl4 +
NaOH
Salicylic acid
10
Phthalein Reaction / Fusion
Phenol +
Phthalic anhydride
Conc. H2 SO4;
Heat
Phenolphathalein
11
Laderer - Manasse Reaction
Phenol + Formaldehyde, HCHO
NaOH
p-Hydroxy phenyl methanol
12
Rosenmund Reduction
Acid chlorides, RCOCl
H2 in presence of Pd suspended in BaSO4
Aldehydes
13
Stephen’s Reaction
Alkyl cyanide, RCN dissolved in ether or
Ethyl formate or Ethyl acetate
SnCl2 / HCl
Aldehyde
14
a) Aldol Condensation
2 moles of Aldehydes having α- H atom
Dilute alkali (NaOH, KOH, Na2CO3, Ba(OH)2, …..
Aldol
b) Crossed Aldol Condensation
An aldehyde and a Ketone having
α- H atom
15
Claisen Reaction or
Claisen Schmidt Reaction
C6H5CHO + Aliphatic Aldehydes or Ketones
having α- H atom
Dilute alkali (NaOH)
α, β- Unsaturated aldehyde or Ketone
16
Clemmenson Reduction
Aldehydes or
Ketones
(> C = O)
Zinc Amalgam
(Zn / Hg) +
Conc. HCl
Hydrocarbons
17
Wolff - Kishner Reduction
Aldehydes or
 Ketones,
(> C = O)
Hydrazine,
NH2-NH2 +
Sodium ethoxide, C2H5ONa
Hydrocarbons
18
Tollen’s Test
Aldehydes or Formic acid, HCOOH
Tollen’s reagent (Ammoniacal AgNO3)
Silver mirror
19
Fehling’s Test
Aliphatic Aldehydes or HCOOH
Fehling’s solution (CuSO4 + Sod. Pot. tartrate)
Red cuprous oxide, Cu2O
20
Benzoin Condensation
Aromatic Aldehydes
Aqueous alcoholic KCN
Benzoin (α- hydroxy ketone)
21
Perkin’s Reaction
C6H5CHO + Sodium salt of fatty acid having two α- H atoms and its anhydride
Heat
Aromatic-unsaturated
fatty acid
22
Knoevenagel  Reaction
C6H5CHO +
Malonic acid, H2C(COOH)2
Pyridine
Cinnamic acid
23
a) Friedel - Craft’s Acetylation
C6H6 + RCOCl
Anhydrous AlCl3
Aromatic Ketones (Phenons)
b) Friedel - Craft’s Benzoyaltion
 C6H6 + ArCOCl
24
Esterification
Carboxylic acid + Alcohols
Mineral acids (conc. H2SO4, ……
Esters
25
Trans Esterification
Ester +
Lower alcohol
Mineral acid
Ester +
Higher alcohol
26
Hell-Volhard- Zelinsky Reaction or
HVZ Reaction
Fatty acids having
α- H atoms +
Br2 / PBr3
---
α- Halo acids
27
Kolbe’s electrolytic Reaction
Concentrated aqueous solution of sodium salt of acids
Electrolysis  
Hydrocarbons
28
Claisen Ester condensation
2 moles of esters
Strong bases (C2H5ONa)
Aceto acetic ester
29
Hoffmann’s Hypobromite / Bromamide Reaction
 Acid amides
(– CONH2)
 Br2 + Alkali
(NaOH or KOH)
10 amines

30

Gabriel’s Phthalimide Synthesis
          CO                   
C6H4<    >NH,KOH,RX
          CO    

Heat

Aliphatic
10 amine
31
Carbylamine Reaction
10 amines (- NH2)
CHCl3+ Alcoholic alkali (KOH); ∆
Carbylamine or Isocyanide
32
Mustard Oil Reaction
10 amines +
CS2 + HgCl2
Heat
Isothiocyanate
33
Diazotisation
Aromatic 10 amines, ArNH2
conc. HCl; NaNO2, 273 K
Benzene diazonium salt
34
Sand Meyer’s Reaction
Benzene diazonium salt, C6H5N2+X-  
Cu2Cl2+HCl; Cu2Br2+HBr or Cu2(CN)2+KCN
Halo or
Cyano benzene
35
Gattermann Reaction
Benzene diazonium salt, C6H5N2+X-
Cu powder + HCl or Cu + HBr
Halobenzene
36
Gomberg Bachmann Reaction or Gamberg Reaction
Benzene diazonium salts
C6H6 + NaOH
Biphenyl

 

METHOD OF WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULAE

CRISS -CROSS METHOD
1. The symbols of the component radicals of the compound are written side by side.
2. Positive radicals are written left and negative radicals on the right.
3. The valencies of the radicals are written above the respective symbols.
4. The criss-cross method is applied to exchange the numerical value of valency of each radical and  it is written as subscript of the other radical.
5. The radical is enclosed in a bracket and the subscript is placed outside the lower right corner.
6. The common factor is removed.
7. If the subscript of the radical is one, it is omitted.
 
SOME IMPORTANT RADICALS
Monovalent
Bivalent
Positive
radicals
Negative
radicals
Positive
radicals
Negative
radicals
Lithium,Li+
Fluoride,F-
Beryllium,Be2+
Oxide,O2-
Sodium,Na+
Chloride,Cl-
Magnesium,Mg2+
Sulphide,S2-
Potassium,K+
Bromide,Br-
Calcium,Ca2+
Chromate,CrO42-
Rubidium,Rb+
Iodide,I-
Strontium,Sr2+
Dichromate,Cr2O72-
Caesium,Cs+
Hydroxide,OH-
Barium,Ba2+
Tetraborate,B4O72-
Ammonium,NH4+
Cyanide,CN-
Ferrous (Iron),Fe2+
Silicate,SiO32-
Silver,Ag+
Nitrate,NO3-
Zinc,Zn2+
Hydrogen Phosphate,HPO42-
Cuprous (copper),Cu+
Nitrite,NO-2
Cupric (copper),Cu2+


Acetate,CH3COO-
Mercuric,Hg2+
Oxalate,C2O42-
Hydrogen,H+
Hydride,H-
Manganous,Mn2+


Bicarbonate,HCO3-
Chromous,Cr2+
Carbonate,CO32-
Aurous (Gold),Au+
Bisulphate,HSO4-
Stannous (Tin),Sn2+
Sulphate,SO42-

Bisulphite,HSO3-
Plumbous (Lead),Pb2+
Sulphite,SO2-3

Chlorate,ClO3-
Cobaltous,Co2+
Thiosulphate,S2O32-

Hypochlorate,ClO-
Nickel(ous),Ni2+


Permanganate,MnO4-
Cadmium,Cd2+
Manganate,MnO42-

Perchlorate,ClO4-
Thionyl,SO2+


Metaborate,BO2-
Platinous(Platinum),Pt2+


Amide,NH-2



Ethoxide,C2H5O-



Cyanate,CNO-



Thiocyanate,CNS-



Isothiocyanate,NCS-



Azide,N3-




Trivalent
Tetravalent
Positive
radicals
Negative
radicals
Positive
radicals
Negative
radicals
Boron,B3+

Carbon,C4+
Carbide,C4 -
Nitogen,N3+
Nitride,N3-
Silicon,Si4+
Pyrophosphate,
P2O74-
Phosphorous,P3+
Phosphide,P3-
Platinic(Platinum),
Pt4+

Aluminium,Al3+

Titanium,Ti4+

Bismuth,Bi3+
Orthoborate,BO33-
Ceric,Ce4+

Ferric (Iron),Fe3+
Ferricyanide,
[Fe(CN)6]3-
Stannic(Tin),Sn4+
Ferrocyanide,
[Fe(CN)6]4-
Manganic,Mn3+
(Ortho)phosphate,
PO43-
Plumbic(Lead),Pb4+

Chromium(ic),Cr3+
Phosphite,PO33-


Auric(Gold),Au3+



Cobaltic,Co3+




  

Exercise
 Negative
Radicals
Chloride
Nitrate
Sulphate
Carbonate
Hydroxide
Oxide
Sulphide
Positive
Radicals
Cl-
NO3-
SO42-
CO32-
OH-
O2-
S2-
Hydrogen
H+
HCl






Sodium
Na+

NaNO3





Potassium
K+


K2SO4




Ammonium
NH4+



(NH4)2CO3



Magnesium
Mg2+




Mg(OH)2


Calcium
Ca2+





CaO

Zinc
Zn2+






ZnS
Aluminium
Al3+
AlCl3






Ferrous
Fe2+







Ferric
Fe3+







Cuprous
Cu+
CuCl






Cupric
Cu2+

Cu(NO3)2





Plumbous
Pb2+







Plumbic
Pb4+







Stannous
Sn2+







Stannic
Sn4+







Chromous
Cr2+


CrSO4




Chromic
Cr3+


Cr2(SO4)3




Mercurous
Hg22+
Hg2Cl2






Mercuric
Hg2+
HgCl2






Manganous
Mn2+




Mn(OH)2


Manganic
Mn3+







Silver
Ag+

AgNO3





Nickelous
Ni2+
NiCl2





NiS
Barium
Ba2+


BaSO4




Cobaltous
Co2+

Co(NO3)2





Cobaltic
Co3+







Aurous
Au+







Auric
Au3+
AuCl3






Platinic
Pt4+
PtCl4