NAME REACTIONS - SUMMARY

S. No	Name of reaction	Starting Material	Reagent and other conditions	Application / Use
1	Haloform Reaction	Compounds containing CH3CHOH – or CH3CO – group	Halogen (X2) + NaOH or KOH	Haloform
2	Saponification Reaction	Oil or Fat or Ester	Alkali (NaOH or KOH)	Glycerol + Soap
3	a) Simple Cannizzaro Reaction	2 moles of aldehydes not having α-H atom	Concentrated aqueous alkali (NaOH or KOH)	Alcohol + Acid
	b) Crossed Cannizzaro Reaction	2 different Aldehydes not having α-H atom
4	Dow’s Process	Chlorobenzene, C6H5Cl + NaOH	623 K; 300 atm	Phenol
5	Schotten - Baumann Reaction	a) Phenol + Benzoyl chloride, C6H5COCl	Alkali (NaOH)	Phenyl benzoate
		b) Aniline + Benzoyl chloride, C6H5COCl	Alkali (NaOH)	Benzanilide
6	Williamson’s Synthesis	a) RX + Sodium alkoxide, RONa	Heat	Aliphatic Ethers
		b) RX + Sodium phenoxide , ArONa	Heat	Aromatic / Phenolic Ethers
7	Diazo Coupling Reaction or Coupling Reaction	a) Benzene diazonium salt, C6H5N2+X- + Phenol	Alkali; 273 K	Azo dyes
		b) Benzene diazonium salt, C6H5N2+X-  + Aniline	Acid; 273 K	Azo dyes
8	Kolbe - Schmidt or Kolbe’s Reaction	Phenol	CO2 (NaOH), 403 K; 5 – 7 atm	Salicylic acid
9	Riemer -Tiemann Reaction	a) Phenol	CHCl3 + NaOH	Salicylaldehyde
		b) Phenol	CCl4 + NaOH	Salicylic acid
10	Phthalein Reaction / Fusion	Phenol + Phthalic anhydride	Conc. H2 SO4; Heat	Phenolphathalein
11	Laderer - Manasse Reaction	Phenol + Formaldehyde, HCHO	NaOH	p-Hydroxy phenyl methanol
12	Rosenmund Reduction	Acid chlorides, RCOCl	H2 in presence of Pd suspended in BaSO4	Aldehydes
13	Stephen’s Reaction	Alkyl cyanide, RCN dissolved in ether or Ethyl formate or Ethyl acetate	SnCl2 / HCl	Aldehyde
14	a) Aldol Condensation	2 moles of Aldehydes having α- H atom	Dilute alkali (NaOH, KOH, Na2CO3, Ba(OH)2, …..	Aldol
	b) Crossed Aldol Condensation	An aldehyde and a Ketone having α- H atom
15	Claisen Reaction or Claisen Schmidt Reaction	C6H5CHO + Aliphatic Aldehydes or Ketones having α- H atom	Dilute alkali (NaOH)	α, β- Unsaturated aldehyde or Ketone
16	Clemmenson Reduction	Aldehydes or Ketones (> C = O)	Zinc Amalgam (Zn / Hg) + Conc. HCl	Hydrocarbons
17	Wolff - Kishner Reduction	Aldehydes or  Ketones, (> C = O)	Hydrazine, NH2-NH2 + Sodium ethoxide, C2H5ONa	Hydrocarbons
18	Tollen’s Test	Aldehydes or Formic acid, HCOOH	Tollen’s reagent (Ammoniacal AgNO3)	Silver mirror
19	Fehling’s Test	Aliphatic Aldehydes or HCOOH	Fehling’s solution (CuSO4 + Sod. Pot. tartrate)	Red cuprous oxide, Cu2O
20	Benzoin Condensation	Aromatic Aldehydes	Aqueous alcoholic KCN	Benzoin (α- hydroxy ketone)
21	Perkin’s Reaction	C6H5CHO + Sodium salt of fatty acid having two α- H atoms and its anhydride	Heat	Aromatic-unsaturated fatty acid
22	Knoevenagel  Reaction	C6H5CHO + Malonic acid, H2C(COOH)2	Pyridine	Cinnamic acid
23	a) Friedel - Craft’s Acetylation	C6H6 + RCOCl	Anhydrous AlCl3	Aromatic Ketones (Phenons)
	b) Friedel - Craft’s Benzoyaltion	C6H6 + ArCOCl
24	Esterification	Carboxylic acid + Alcohols	Mineral acids (conc. H2SO4, ……	Esters
25	Trans Esterification	Ester + Lower alcohol	Mineral acid	Ester + Higher alcohol
26	Hell-Volhard- Zelinsky Reaction or HVZ Reaction	Fatty acids having α- H atoms + Br2 / PBr3	---	α- Halo acids
27	Kolbe’s electrolytic Reaction	Concentrated aqueous solution of sodium salt of acids	Electrolysis	Hydrocarbons
28	Claisen Ester condensation	2 moles of esters	Strong bases (C2H5ONa)	Aceto acetic ester
29	Hoffmann’s Hypobromite / Bromamide Reaction	Acid amides (– CONH2)	Br2 + Alkali (NaOH or KOH)	10 amines
30	Gabriel’s Phthalimide Synthesis	CO                    C6H4<    >NH,KOH,RX           CO	Heat	Aliphatic 10 amine
31	Carbylamine Reaction	10 amines (- NH2)	CHCl3+ Alcoholic alkali (KOH); ∆	Carbylamine or Isocyanide
32	Mustard Oil Reaction	10 amines + CS2 + HgCl2	Heat	Isothiocyanate
33	Diazotisation	Aromatic 10 amines, ArNH2	conc. HCl; NaNO2, 273 K	Benzene diazonium salt
34	Sand Meyer’s Reaction	Benzene diazonium salt, C6H5N2+X-	Cu2Cl2+HCl; Cu2Br2+HBr or Cu2(CN)2+KCN	Halo or Cyano benzene
35	Gattermann Reaction	Benzene diazonium salt, C6H5N2+X-	Cu powder + HCl or Cu + HBr	Halobenzene
36	Gomberg Bachmann Reaction or Gamberg Reaction	Benzene diazonium salts	C6H6 + NaOH	Biphenyl

 

METHOD OF WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULAE

CRISS -CROSS METHOD

1. The symbols of the component radicals of the compound are written side by side.

2. Positive radicals are written left and negative radicals on the right.

3. The valencies of the radicals are written above the respective symbols.

4. The criss-cross method is applied to exchange the numerical value of valency of each radical and  it is written as subscript of the other radical.

5. The radical is enclosed in a bracket and the subscript is placed outside the lower right corner.

6. The common factor is removed.

7. If the subscript of the radical is one, it is omitted.

 

SOME IMPORTANT RADICALS

Monovalent		Bivalent
Positive radicals	Negative radicals	Positive radicals	Negative radicals
Lithium,Li+	Fluoride,F-	Beryllium,Be2+	Oxide,O2-
Sodium,Na+	Chloride,Cl-	Magnesium,Mg2+	Sulphide,S2-
Potassium,K+	Bromide,Br-	Calcium,Ca2+	Chromate,CrO42-
Rubidium,Rb+	Iodide,I-	Strontium,Sr2+	Dichromate,Cr2O72-
Caesium,Cs+	Hydroxide,OH-	Barium,Ba2+	Tetraborate,B4O72-
Ammonium,NH4+	Cyanide,CN-	Ferrous (Iron),Fe2+	Silicate,SiO32-
Silver,Ag+	Nitrate,NO3-	Zinc,Zn2+	Hydrogen Phosphate,HPO42-
Cuprous (copper),Cu+	Nitrite,NO-2	Cupric (copper),Cu2+
	Acetate,CH3COO-	Mercuric,Hg2+	Oxalate,C2O42-
Hydrogen,H+	Hydride,H-	Manganous,Mn2+
	Bicarbonate,HCO3-	Chromous,Cr2+	Carbonate,CO32-
Aurous (Gold),Au+	Bisulphate,HSO4-	Stannous (Tin),Sn2+	Sulphate,SO42-
	Bisulphite,HSO3-	Plumbous (Lead),Pb2+	Sulphite,SO2-3
	Chlorate,ClO3-	Cobaltous,Co2+	Thiosulphate,S2O32-
	Hypochlorate,ClO-	Nickel(ous),Ni2+
	Permanganate,MnO4-	Cadmium,Cd2+	Manganate,MnO42-
	Perchlorate,ClO4-	Thionyl,SO2+
	Metaborate,BO2-	Platinous(Platinum),Pt2+
	Amide,NH-2
	Ethoxide,C2H5O-
	Cyanate,CNO-
	Thiocyanate,CNS-
	Isothiocyanate,NCS-
	Azide,N3-

Trivalent		Tetravalent
Positive radicals	Negative radicals	Positive radicals	Negative radicals
Boron,B3+		Carbon,C4+	Carbide,C4 -
Nitogen,N3+	Nitride,N3-	Silicon,Si4+	Pyrophosphate, P2O74-
Phosphorous,P3+	Phosphide,P3-	Platinic(Platinum), Pt4+
Aluminium,Al3+		Titanium,Ti4+
Bismuth,Bi3+	Orthoborate,BO33-	Ceric,Ce4+
Ferric (Iron),Fe3+	Ferricyanide, [Fe(CN)6]3-	Stannic(Tin),Sn4+	Ferrocyanide, [Fe(CN)6]4-
Manganic,Mn3+	(Ortho)phosphate, PO43-	Plumbic(Lead),Pb4+
Chromium(ic),Cr3+	Phosphite,PO33-
Auric(Gold),Au3+
Cobaltic,Co3+

  

Exercise
Negative Radicals	Chloride	Nitrate	Sulphate	Carbonate	Hydroxide	Oxide	Sulphide
Positive Radicals	Cl-	NO3-	SO42-	CO32-	OH-	O2-	S2-
Hydrogen H+	HCl
Sodium Na+		NaNO3
Potassium K+			K2SO4
Ammonium NH4+				(NH4)2CO3
Magnesium Mg2+					Mg(OH)2
Calcium Ca2+						CaO
Zinc Zn2+							ZnS
Aluminium Al3+	AlCl3
Ferrous Fe2+
Ferric Fe3+
Cuprous Cu+	CuCl
Cupric Cu2+		Cu(NO3)2
Plumbous Pb2+
Plumbic Pb4+
Stannous Sn2+
Stannic Sn4+
Chromous Cr2+			CrSO4
Chromic Cr3+			Cr2(SO4)3
Mercurous Hg22+	Hg2Cl2
Mercuric Hg2+	HgCl2
Manganous Mn2+					Mn(OH)2
Manganic Mn3+
Silver Ag+		AgNO3
Nickelous Ni2+	NiCl2						NiS
Barium Ba2+			BaSO4
Cobaltous Co2+		Co(NO3)2
Cobaltic Co3+
Aurous Au+
Auric Au3+	AuCl3
Platinic Pt4+	PtCl4